Free Text Books

I stumbled upon a site offering free text books for high school subjects, including A Levels, O Levels and IGCSE. I'd been looking for ebooks designed for IGCSE courses that my granddaughter will be studying when she enters Grade 10 in July. I found text books for five of the courses that she is studying: English, Mathematics, Business Studies, ICT and Modern History. Unfortunately, these textbooks are not from Cambridge University Press as the school requires but are instead from Hodder Education. They seem just as good and are free, as opposed to paying A$40 to A$50 each for the school mandated books. Here is the URL: https://www.gceguide.xyz/e-books

In a country like Indonesia where the cost of these sorts of text books is very burdensome, it seems perverse to require parents to expend hundreds of dollars when perfectly acceptable, free alternatives are available. Admittedly, the books are not paper copies but it would still be cheaper to ask parents to buy a cheap tablet on which to read the ebooks. One advantage is that students would then not have to lug around heavy textbooks in their backpacks.

Nonetheless, it is useful to me because I found a number of A level Mathematics textbooks that I've now downloaded and added to my already extensive collection of e-textbooks. For example, this advanced level Statistics textbook should be helpful as I'm currently embarked on a revision of this topic.

Practising with g(Math)

I’ve created this page in Google Docs using g(Math). I installed the much anticipated Equatio Chrome extension but it’s a disappointment as far as I can tell. Perhaps I’m missing something. The 12 point Verdana that comprises the text of this blog was chosen in Docs because it is more compatible in size with the images generated.

The links to the images of the mathematical expressions that are created are preserved in Blogger, so that’s an alternative way of getting mathematical expressions into a blog. It seems to be quite fast compared to the alternative in which javascript on a server is accessed and used to convert LaTeX code into mathematics.

The disadvantage is that you can't amend the LaTeX code because it's not there. It was used to create the image of the mathematical expressions and then it's no longer available.

I worked out after some fiddling how to get the equal signs in equations to align. Here is the proof:

Here’s another example of alignment using a different format:

Of course, if the images appear a little large, they can be easily resized:

When using Google Docs, the images do take a few seconds to be created but after that they display quite promptly. Here is a matrix.

The following matrix is identical to the one above but it is being displayed with javascript that accesses the MathJax website that renders the code to display the mathematical expression: $$M = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{5}{6} & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\[0.3em] \frac{5}{6} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} \\[0.3em] 0 & \frac{5}{6} & \frac{1}{6} \end{bmatrix}$$The difference is time between displaying the image and getting the same result by rendering the code is considerable. Google Sites of course also creates images for any LaTeX code inserted but it's far clunkier than for Google Docs (read more about this on my Google Site). With Google Docs, the g(Math) does most of the work for you. Of course, if you're viewing the previous matrix on a device running Android, then all you will see is the LaTeX notation. This is a good reason to use the graphics rather than the LaTeX code in Blogger.

So in summary:

• Google Sites creates images of mathematical expressions from LaTeX code but it's a little clunky
• Google Docs creates images of mathematical expressions from LaTeX code but g(Math) makes the process easier
• Blogger will render LaTeX code if a link to MathJax is inserted into the head section of the template's HTML code OR, as I've done here, the mathematical content can be created first as images in Google Docs and then pasted into Blogger.

Google Classroom and Equatio

Google Classroom is apparently going to made available to everybody, not just teachers at registered schools. This change will roll out over the next few weeks, so I'll keep checking and hopefully have a chance to play around with it soon. Google stated:

We see value in bringing technology to people who want to learn, no matter the setting. That’s why we’re opening up Google Classroom to users without G Suite for Education accounts. Now, teachers and students in many different environments can teach or attend classes, manage assignments and instantly collaborate—all with their personal Google accounts. Starting today, these new Classroom users will be able to join existing classes and over the coming weeks, they’ll have the ability to create their own classes as well.

A change is also being made to Google Docs that it offers even better support for creating mathematical expressions. Here is what blogger Eric Curts of Control Alt Achieve had to say:

As a previous math teacher, I have a soft spot for the pains teachers and students can feel when trying to use math symbols and expressions in technology. The same thing can be said in science when typing chemical formulas. Technology seems to play best with normal letters and numbers, rather than exponents, subscripts, fractions, and such. 

Although there are many tools to help address these issues, one I have often recommended has been g(Math). This is an add-on for Google Docs, Sheets, and Forms, that provides a variety of ways to enter and insert mathematical expressions into these files. 

Recently I found out that g(Math) is getting an upgrade with a new name, new features, and new format! The new version is called Equatio and it makes it easier than ever to write with math and science symbols in Google Docs and Forms. Rather than being an add-on, this version of the tool is actually a Chrome extension, meaning eventually it will be able to work in many apps beyond just Docs and Forms. 

This new version is launching April 4, 2017, but you can see below for a sneak peek of this new tool complete with detailed directions, screenshots, and animations (click here).

So just to summarise what Equatio is all about, let's add the following excerpt from the same site that was just quoted from:

Equatio is a Chrome web extension that makes it easier to create and insert mathematical symbols and expressions, as well as scientific formulas when using Google Docs and Google Forms. Because it is a Chrome web extension, you need to be using the Chrome browser on a PC, Mac, or Chromebook to use Equatio. 

Equatio will be available for installation from the Chrome Web Store as of April 4, 2017. There will be a free version of Equatio that works in Google Docs, and a premium version that also works in Google Forms. 

I've been playing around with g(Math) and it makes adding LaTeX code easy but the resulting output is a graphic that can be resized and around which text can be wrapped. This is the same approach as adopted by Google Sites but not Blogger that makes use of Javascript to render the LaTeX characters. Equatio will operate by offering various options:

• The Equation Editor allowing you to enter math and science content with natural language and predictions.
• The LaTeX Editor allowing you to enter LaTeX characters
  
• Handwriting Recognition
• Speech Input
• Symbol Galleries

All mathematical expressions and chemical formulae created using Equatio will be inserted as images that can be resized and about which text can be wrapped.

Displaying Mathematical Expressions

If looking at this post on an android device, the equations will not display properly.
\[\sum_{i=0}^n i^2 = \frac{(n^2+n)(2n+1)}{6}\]It was with some difficulty that I've finally figured out how to display mathematical expressions properly in Blogger. The approach that I've adopted is to paste the following script just above the closing head tag in the blog's template:

The MathJax javascript will then render any LaTeX mathematical expressions, such as "\sum_{i=0}^n i^2 = \frac{(n^2+n)(2n+1)}{6}" (this is the one behind the expression at the top of this post). This site explains how to use the $ sign:

The double $ signs work fine but the single $ signs, that are supposed to give the inline expression, didn't work at first with the script as above. However, after pasting a modified script (see HMTL template), all was well, with both single dollar signs  and backward slash ( ...  backward slash ) being accepted.

Back on January 27th 2016, I made a post about the ASCIIMathML and the associated javascript program ASCIIMathML.js associated with it. Here is the text of that post:

The ASCIIMathML is a markup language that claims to be close to standard mathematical notation, easy to read and easy to type. In combination with a javascript program ASCIIMathML.js it will faithfully render mathematical expressions within HTML pages. I came across it when using a new online content management service called versal. Using the mathematical gadget provided by versal, I found the markup language very easy to use and was quickly able to create relatively complex formulae. This is my public URL on versal. The free version allows for the creation of unlimited public courses whereas the PRO version (at US$50 per year) allows for the creation of private courses, the tracking of student progress and other benefits.

Apparently ASCIIMathML.js has now been incorporated into the latest version of MathJax.js and the latter is:

a cross-browser JavaScript library that displays mathematical notation in web browsers, using MathML, LaTeX and ASCIIMathML markup. MathJax is released as open-source software under the Apache License and, importantly MathJax can display mathematical notation written in LaTeX or MathML markup. Because MathJax is meant only for math display, whereas LaTeX is a document layout language, MathJax only supports the subset of LaTeX used to describe mathematical notation."   Source.

ASCIIMathML is simpler and less verbose that LaTeX but in Blogger at least, the former seems temperamental and doesn't work consistently. The following equation when entered in ASCIIMathML as "x=(-b +- sqrt(b^2 – 4ac))/(2a)" fails to display the formatted equation. However, when entered in LaTeX as "x=\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}", it displays properly:

$$x=\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$$ A comprehensive list of LaTeX mathematical commands can be found here.

MacWizz

Over the past few days, I'd noticed these intrusive adds popping on web pages when using the Chrome browser. All were clearly identifiable via the word "MacWizz" appearing on the title bar of each advertisement's windows. I was prompted to investigate further and finally chanced upon the following:

Following the link, I found a good description of what MacWizz was:

MacWizz is advertised as an application that displays coupons for sites you are visiting and competitive prices when you are viewing product pages at sites like Amazon. Though this may sound like a useful service, the MacWizz app can be intrusive and will display advertisements whether you want them to or not.

When installed, the MacWizz browser extension will display advertising banners, pop-up advertisements and in-text ads, stating that they are brought to you by “MacWizz”. The MacWizz Ads will have different text under the pop-up: “Powered by MacWizz”, “Brought to you by MacWizz”, “You’ve received a premium offer from MacWizz” or “Ads by MacWizz”.

There were also a series of steps outlining how to remove it. Following these however, did not remove the infestation and so I was led to the final step:

The link provided led to https://www.malwarebytes.com/mac/ and after downloading and installing the program, I ran a scan. It didn't take long to complete and some offending items were identified and removed. Since then I've had no problems and it seems to have worked. There is a paid app on the App Store that costs about A$22 that purports to do the same thing but Malwarebytes is free (unless you want to buy the business version). Here is the interface that will confront you after installation.

WebM Video Format

After using Screencastify, screencasting software working a plugin to the Chrome browser, the resultant video output was in WebM format. I tried uploading to my astrology blog on Blogger using the video upload tool but the rendered video was of poor quality and wouldn't display properly in fullscreen. However, YouTube did an excellent job of rendering the video and providing the embed code that I'm using here:

I was prompted to investigate this format further and to that end, this video on the WebM website was helpful.

As Wikipedia explains:

WebM is a video file format. It is primarily intended to offer a royalty-free alternative to use in the HTML5 video tag. It has a sister project WebP for images. The development of the format is sponsored by Google, and the corresponding software is distributed under a BSD license. 

The BSD license is described by Wikipedia thus:

BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses, imposing minimal restrictions on the redistribution of covered software. This is in contrast to copyleft licenses, which have reciprocity share-alike requirements. The original BSD license was used for its namesake, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix-like operating system. 

The associated WebP format for images is described on this site as follows:

WebP is a modern image format that provides superior lossless and lossy compression for images on the web. Using WebP, webmasters and web developers can create smaller, richer images that make the web faster. 

WebP lossless images are 26% smaller in size compared to PNGs. WebP lossy images are 25-34% smaller than comparable JPEG images at equivalent SSIM quality index. 

Lossless WebP supports transparency (also known as alpha channel) at a cost of just 22% additional bytes. For cases when lossy RGB compression is acceptable, lossy WebP also supports transparency, typically providing 3× smaller file sizes compared to PNG. 

Computable Document Format

I've recently become aware of Wolfram's Computable Document Format or CDF as it's referred to. It adds interactivity to documents in a manner similar to Apple's iBooks Author, that allows anyone to create interactive textbooks for reading in iBooks. You need to download the CDF player, which I've done, but it's a hefty 2.2 GB in size. With the player installed you can then open CDF files. The format is clearly proprietary and it remains to be seen how much traction it will get in the marketplace.

Here is what Wikipedia has to say about CDF:

Features 

Computable document format supports GUI elements such as sliders, menus and buttons. Content is updated using embedded computation in response to GUI interaction. Contents can include formatted text, tables, images, sounds and animations. CDF supports Mathematica typesetting and technical notation. Paginated layout, structured drill down layout and slide-show mode are supported. Styles can be controlled using a cascading style sheet. 

Reading 

CDF files can be read using a proprietary CDF Player with a restrictive license, which can be downloaded free of charge from Wolfram Research. 

Authoring 

CDF Files can be created using Mathematica. Online authoring tools are planned. 

Uses 

Computable Document Format has been used in electronic books by Pearson Education, to provide the content for the Wolfram Demonstrations Project, and to add client-side interactivity to Wolfram Alpha.

Now that I'm aware of the product I can monitor its fortunes.