Showing posts with label ESL. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ESL. Show all posts

Thursday, 3 June 2021

From Blink to Wink: Part 1

I'm So Tired

I'm so tired, I haven't slept a wink, 
I'm so tired, my mind is on the blink. 
I wonder should I get up and fix myself a drink. 

These lines form the first three lines of The Beatles famous song "I'm So Tired" released in November of 1968. It's a fitting introduction to this post because it features three rhyming words: wink, blink and drink and this post is all about rhymes.


In this post, I'll be looking at the monosyllabic words that rhyme with blink and wink. As near as I can tell, the former and the latter words are the first and last in a category of words that rhyme with ink. However, let's check out, using Rhyme Desk, whether these are indeed the first and last such words. Not surprisingly, it turns out that they are not. Here is the list of rhyming words that the site supplies:

bink, blink, brink, chink, cinque, clink, dink, drink, fink, gink, hink, inc, jink, kink, klink, link, mink, pink, plink, rink, shrink, sink, skink, slink, spink, stink, swink, sync, think, twink, wink, zinc, zink, zinke

Some of these words I've heard of, others not. The words in bold are what the site provides links to and are therefore the most common. Let's explore each and everyone of them. However, this would make the post very lengthy so I'll break things up. In Part 1, I'll examine the words from bink to hink.

PART 1: From bink to hink

bink: now this is word that I hadn't heard of but the official meaning is that it is a Scottish form of bench. There are numerous, and humorous, slang meanings as well. In Indonesian, the word for bench is bangku.


blink: the introductory lines of the lyrics of the Beatles song at the start of this post contain the phrase "my mind is on the blink", meaning that the singer's mind has ceased functioning properly. This is only one of the many colloquialisms containing the word "blink". 

Others include:
  • in the blink of an eye - meaning very quickly as in:

    Watch the baby closely, she can get into something dangerous in the blink of an eye.

  • blink-and-you-miss-it - meaning of such a brief duration or small size as to be easily missed as in:

    I was excited to be in the movie, but it was really just a blink-and-you-miss-it part.

  • without (even) blinking an eye - meaning without having or displaying any sort of emotional response, especially to that which would normally elicit such a reaction as in:

    When we were traveling, Janet used to eat things like crickets and jellyfish without blinking an eye.
Figure 1 shows the cover of Malcolm Gladwell's book that uses blink as its title and explores the notion that decisions made in the blink of an eye are often more effective than carefully thought out decisions.

Figure 1

brink: two countries are on the brink of war. How often have we heard that expression? Too often these bellicose times. Literally the word means the extreme edge of land before a steep slope or a body or water as in "the brink of the cliffs". Metaphorically, it means a point at which something, typically something unwelcome, is about to happen; the verge as in "the country was on the brink of a constitutional crisis" (quoted from Oxford Languages). The related word brinkmanship means the art or practice of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits of safety before stopping, especially in politics as in "in any game of brinkmanship, it is possible that one side will collapse suddenly".


chink: this word is most commonly used in the phrase a chink in ones armour or a chink in ones armor to use American spelling. As Wikipedia notes:
The idiom "chink in one's armor" refers to an area of vulnerability. It has traditionally been used to refer to a weak spot in a figurative suit of armor. The standard meaning is similar to that of Achilles' heel. The phrase "chink in one's armor" has been used idiomatically since the mid-17th century. It is based on a definition of chink meaning "a crack or gap," dating back to around 1400. While the phrase itself is innocuous, its use in contemporary times has caused controversy in the United States due to it including "chink", a word that can also be used as an ethnic slur to refer to someone of Chinese or East Asian descent. 

In these woke times, it may be only a matter of time before the phrase is removed from the language. Nonetheless, I did find the photo shown in Figure 2 rather funny.


Figure 2

The word chink can be used as a verb meaning to make or cause to make a light, high-pitched ringing sound, as of glasses or coins striking together. It can also be used a noun in this sense to mean a high-pitched ringing sound as in "the chink of glasses" or "the chain joining the handcuffs chinked". I think the word clink, that we'll meet later, is more commonly used in this sense.

cinque: this word means five especially in dice or cards. It derives from Middle English cink, from Middle French cinq, from Latin quinque. It is pronounced as in "sink". The spelling and meaning is the same in Italian, but is pronounced differently as in "chinquay" (see Figure 3). The French spelling is cinq and pronounced something like "sank".

Figure 3

clink: apart from meaning a sharp ringing sound, such as that made by striking metal or glass as in "the clink of ice in tall glasses" or, as a verb, to strike (one's glass) against another's to express friendly feelings before drinking as in "she clinked her glass against mine".


In Internet slang, clink can stand for click the link. Figure 4 cleverly combines the themes of drinking and crime.

Figure 4

One of the most common uses of the word is as a euphemism for jail or prison as in "he spent the night in the clink for being drunk and disorderly". The name derives a prison which was on Clink Street in the Southwark area of London. See Figure 5.


Figure 5

dink: back in the 80s, this word (especially when capitalised) was an acronym for Dual/Double Income No Kids but that was a long time ago. In that sense, you don't hear it used as much these days but with falling birthrates and the increasing numbers of gay couples, the term has more applicability than ever.


However, its long term meaning has been drop shot or a ball struck delicately when used as a noun and to hit or kick a ball delicately when used as a verb.

The word has also been used as a disparaging term for a Vietnamese person, especially during the Vietnam War. It was originally an Australian military slang term for an East Asian person, perhaps from rhyming slang for chink. However, I was in the Australian Army during the Vietnam War and don't recall the use of the term.

Nowadays, the term can still be used to offend but it carries the meaning of a stupid, annoying or contemptible person. Inoffensively it can also be used to mean to tow a friend on your bicycle, either on ones lap or on the front handlebars as in "Oi Barry, give us a dink mate will ya?" or "Had to bloody dink Sharron down to the milkbar". This is Aussie slang, although as an Australian I hadn't heard the term used in that sense.

drink: no need to explain the meaning of this word so all I'll include this video which displays the lyrics to one of my favourite drinking songs:


fink: all that sprang to mind when I heard this word as the phrase "rat fink" which it turns out is a cartoon character. Here is part of what Wikipedia has to say about the character whose depiction is shown in Figure 6:
Rat Fink is one of several hot rod characters created by artist Ed "Big Daddy" Roth, one of the originators of Kustom Kulture of automobile enthusiasts. Roth conceived Rat Fink as an anti-hero to Mickey Mouse. Rat Fink is usually portrayed as either green or gray, comically grotesque and depraved-looking with bulging, bloodshot eyes, an oversized mouth with sharp, narrow teeth, and wearing red overalls with the initials "R.F." on them. He is often seen driving cars or motorcycles.
Figure 6

A footnote in the Wikipedia article explains that:
The term fink is underworld slang for an informer. It derives from the German word for "finch" — i.e. one who "sings" — and is comparable to a stool pigeon. Ratfink is an intensified version of fink. By the time Roth adopted the name for his character, the term had started to pass into the vernacular.
More generally a fink is an unpleasant or contemptible person and to fink is inform on (someone) to the authorities as in "there was no shortage of people willing to fink on their neighbours" or to fail to do something promised or expected as in "administration officials had finked out".

gink: this is not a word with which I was familiar but it is commonly used as a slang term for a boy or a man who seems odd, foolish or contemptible as in "silly old gink". As an acronym it could stand  for Green Inclinations No Kids as shown in Figure 7. This is reminiscent of the acronym DINK meaning Dual/Double Income No Kids. 


Figure 7

Figure 8 shows a depiction of Colonel Blink described by Wikipedia as:
Colonel Blink, "The Short-Sighted Gink", was a British comic strip, drawn by Tom Bannister in November 1958 for the majority of its run, with a few later strips being drawn by Bill Ritchie and Gordon Bell in the same style as Bannister. The strip was published in the comics magazine The Beezer. Denis Gifford in his Encyclopedia of Comic Characters (1987) attributes his creation to "Carmichael." These days he occasionally appears in the reprint Classics from the Comics series.

Figure 8: Mr. Magoo, a similar near-sighted character.

hink: this is a now obsolete term for a reaping hook which a type of sickle used in harvesting. See Figure 9.

Figure 9

As usual, the Urban Dictionary comes to our aid to provide further definitions of the word. Here are some of the more amusing:
  • The act of raising one's eye-brows in a provocative manner, suggesting the initiation of a sexual act as in "Dude are you hinking me or do you just have tourettes?'".
  • A senseless action taken soley to fulfill an unexplainable impulse as in "Jaques: I just bought 175 purple porcelain racoons. Michel: Damn man that's was a hink and a half".
  • Aberdeen/north east Scotland slang for think as when someone asks "U gan doon tae ih Shops" and the reply is "Aye hink so mate".
  • Suspicious and illegal materials, often relating to identity theft and counterfeit material, such as credit card numbers and personal information as when someone asks "hey man, wheres mikes car?" and the reply is "I don't know but we have to clear all the hink out of it before the cops come looking".
  • Mugged or robbed as in "Steven got hinked in a dark ally".

Thursday, 16 August 2018

IELTS and TOEFL

Recently my 15 year old granddaughter, an Indonesian citizen, was contemplating a course that prepared her to sit for an IELTS test. I thought it was time to remind myself what IELTS was all about. The following is copied from the website of the British Council that oversees the testing:
What is IELTS? 
The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) is the world’s most popular English language proficiency test for higher education and global migration, with over 3 million tests taken in the last year. 
IELTS assesses all of your English skills — reading, writing, listening and speaking, and is designed to reflect how you will use English at study, at work, and at play, in your new life abroad. 
The IELTS test is developed by some of the world’s leading experts in language assessment. It has an excellent international reputation, and is accepted by over 10,000 organisations worldwide, including schools, universities, employers, immigration authorities and professional bodies. 
IELTS is the most widely accepted English language test that uses a one-on-one speaking test to assess your English communication skills. This means that you are assessed by having a real-life conversation with a real person. This is the most effective and natural way of testing your English conversation skills.
This led me to wonder what online resources were available to prepare students for the IELTS test. Not surprisingly, the British Council itself provides copious preparatory material. Here is a link to the site. In particular, there is an app that can be installed on a smartphone:




There are lots of podcasts on iTunes that cater to preparation for IELTS e.g. the IELTS PODCAST. There are also a great many YouTube videos available as well. Here is a relevant video with the highest view count (7.5 million):




There are a plethora of books, downloadable PDFs and websites that are available as well. The problem with the resources supporting the IELTS is not one of scarcity but of largesse. Which of them to choose? Here are links to just two of the many sites that offer suggestions in this regard:
Again the problem with these sorts of suggestions is that there are just so many of them. However, as the first of the two previous sites explains:
The best place to start studying for IELTS are the Cambridge IELTS series of books. These are past papers published by Cambridge. Because Cambridge designs the IELTS exam, you know the information in these books is 100% accurate, and the exam tasks are similar to the ones you will see on the real exam. 
These books are in a series, from Cambridge IELTS 1 all the way to Cambridge IELTS 11, which was just released earlier this year. Each book contains four complete IELTS Academic exams, each with Reading, Listening, Speaking and Writing tests. There are also two General Training Reading and Writing tests as well. 
One of the best parts of these books is the answers to the writing task. At the back of the book there are sample answers for each Writing task. Some of these are high-scoring answers written by an examiner. Others are answers written by IELTS test-takers. These have a band score and comments by the examiner, to explain the score. 
You can buy these at bookshops in most countries or order them online. I recommend that you start with the most recent one–IELTS 11—and work your way backwards. Avoid IELTS 1 – 4. The test has been updated since then. While some of the material in these is useful, other materials are outdated and different from what you will see on the current exam.
Of course, the other popular English test is TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language). As its website explains:
The TOEFL® Test Gives You an Advantage: Most Widely Accepted, Most Popular and Most Convenient Choice 

The TOEFL test is the most widely respected English-language test in the world, recognized by more than 10,000 colleges, universities and agencies in more than 130 countries, including Australia, Canada, the U.K. and the United States. Wherever you want to study, the TOEFL test can help you get there. 
So which is to be preferred? The following site offers some help:


The site then goes on to explain:
The TOEFL and IELTS exams are fairly different, and therefore some people will find that they are naturally better suited for one than they are for the other. You probably want to know which test you should study for. But before we discuss their similarities and differences, remember that both IELTS and TOEFL are standardized tests. This means that, with some coaching and practice (like we have in the Magoosh TOEFL free trial), you can learn to do well on whichever exam you decide to take. Let’s talk more specifically about each exam… 
The TOEFL is a language test for non-native English speakers, and is commonly used as an entrance exam at universities and graduate schools. Because of this, the TOEFL offers only academic English. On the other hand, the IELTS offers an academic option as well as a general test; this is generally the preferred test for immigration purposes to the UK and Canada. 
The IELTS academic test and the TOEFL compared to the IELTS general test are both more difficult, but they are usually the only options if you want to study at any level higher than secondary school. No matter which test you take, be aware that the scores all expire 2 years after your test date. (And if you’re curious, you can see how the scores on the two exams compare here). 
When you compare the format of the IELTS with the TOEFL format, you will notice a couple of things. First of all, both of them have four basic sections, each of which tests a basic skill (reading, listening, speaking, writing). But while the TOEFL only tests academic subjects, the IELTS academic option will have academic reading and writing sections combined with general listening and speaking sections. Overall, the IELTS has more of a real-world feel than the TOEFL. Deciding how hard the TOEFL is versus the IELTS truly depends on your English background. 

Sunday, 18 August 2013

Learning English on the Beach

In an earlier post, I wrote about learning English via rhyming monosyllabic words and I used the words that rhyme with bake as an example. Here I'm using beach as another example, hence the title of the post. The most common rhyming words are:

  • beech
  • breach and breech
  • bleach
  • each
  • leach and leech
  • peach
  • preach
  • reach
  • speech
  • screech
  • teach
There are of course Internet resources that can be used to check whether you've gotten all possible words. For this example, I used Rhymer. It's particularly useful for my purposes because it starts out by explicitly listing all the rhyming words of one syllable (followed by those of two and three syllables). In my reference system, the word that comes first in the alphabet is used to identify the list of rhyming words. This is different to the approach proposed in my initial post where I started with a root sound ake

Learning would take place using a suitable software program or combination of Internet resources that would allow the learner to hear the word, see its meaning explained in words and pictures, and be given examples of its contextual usage. For example, in the case of teach, the content might be:
  • pronunciation (a site like howjsay.com will provide this service as well as various TTS (Text-to-Speech) apps)
  • simple definition (give lessons to students) and graphic
  • contextual usage like Mrs Jones will teach us Mathematics this year.
Lastly, why does the word monosyllable have five syllables?

Sunday, 28 July 2013

Learning English - A Syllable at a Time in Rhyme

Sometime ago, it occurred to me that an effective way to teach English to non-native speakers would be to start with words of one syllable that rhyme. I don't have any research to support the idea but it seems like it would be easy and fun, as opposed to some of the dreadful approaches to learning the language adopted by institutions like English First. Maybe later, when I've retired from formal teaching, I can experiment with this approach in Indonesia.

For the time being, I'll use this blog to refine my ideas. I'm going to begin with the root sound ake that we find in words like bake and cake. It's a good place to start because this sound is fairly well-behaved, meaning that it doesn't change its sound within different words. Other root sounds such as own that we find in words like grown and sown can be confusing because the same three letters can appear in words like crown and town and be pronounced quite differently. 

My approach will be to follow the letters of the alphabet sequentially from a to z, noting as many monosyllabic words as I myself know. I'm deliberately avoiding finding all possible words because I want to stick with words that are in common use. I'll refer to proper names as well because these will be probably be encountered by the language student. Any exceptions to the pronounciation will be noted as well as any alternative spellings.

In the case of ake, the very first letter of the alphabet presents as with an exception but only one of spelling. A type of pain or discomfort can be described as an ache and in fact a common expression is aches and pains. After this however, it's all smooth sailing with bake, blake, brake, break, cake, drake, fake, flake, jake, lake, make, quake, rake, sake, shake, snake, stake, steak, take, wake. These words are all widely used and I won't formally define them here (any dictionary can do that) but instead I'll make some comment or illustrate the use of the word in some common expressions.

  1. You can bake a cake.

  2. Blake is a proper name used as a first name for males e.g. Blake Carrington or as a last name e.g. William Blake.

  3. You can brake sharply to avoid a collision when you're driving. The car's brakes are what helps you avoid a collision.

  4. You can break a bone if you don't brake quickly enough in the car you're driving and have an accident. In this case, break and brake have the same pronunciation. In the common word breakfast however, the break part is pronounced differently (like eck). If you have a break from work, it means you have a rest.

  5. You can cake your face with make-up or bake a cake but, to quote a common expression, you can't have your cake and eat it too.

  6. A drake is a male duck but it's also a popular surname e.g. Francis Drake.

  7. You can fake an injury or you can spot a fake banknote if you look at it carefully.

  8. Flake: have as much chance as a snow flake in hell, then you have no chance at all really.

  9. Jake is common first name for males e.g. Jake Gyllenhaal.

  10. Lake Baikal is the most voluminous freshwater lake in the world and is the deepest lake in the world at 1,642.

  11. Make: you can make hay while the sun shines. Dirty Harry said go ahead punk, make my day.

  12. You may quake in fear when the werewolves are near.

  13. You can rake the leaves on your lawn, gather them up and use them as compost.

  14. For the sake of your health, you might avoid getting too stressed out about work.

  15. You might shake a bottle of juice to remove the sediment from the bottom.

  16. A snake in the grass is a person who is not be trusted because he or she could turn treacherous.

  17. Your reputation could be at stake if you are found to be dishonest. Vampires are commonly disposed of by means of a stake through the heart.

  18. A steak is part of the flesh of a dead animal that is cooked and eaten by those who enjoy such food.

  19. Take away food is becoming increasingly popular in our fast-paced society.

  20. A wake is often held when somebody dies. You wake up in the morning when your alarm goes off.