More Indonesian Words

Time for an update of my new Indonesian vocabulary. Let's start with a printed sign that was affixed to the backrest of a sofa in a coffee shop that I visited today.

NYENDER

I was initially confused by the splitting of dilarang into the two words di larang. I don't know why this was done. Google Translate rendered this as it is forbidden to lean. This was a surprise because there are signs in all malls asking mall rats not to lean against the glass. These are rendered as dilarang bersandar pada kaca and this translates as it is forbidden to lean against the glass. So where does nyender come from?

A question posed on this site asks what does nyender mean and the answer returned is that nyender comes from the root word sandar and nyender (bersandar) means to lean on. I gather this word is an example of bahasa Indonesia gaul or colloquial Indonesian. The word is listed on a site https://celotehbahasa.com/ (celoteh means babble) that has 104 learning modules, the last one being created only 14 hours ago. 

It looks like a useful resource. The word is listed as meaning to lean but there is a confusing example of its usage attached, namely Itu ikan paling lagi nyender! Capek berenang!. Google Translate renders this as That's the most tender fish ever! Tired of swimming!". Make of that what you will. I think the first sentence is mistranslated and probably means that the fish is leaning (against the glass of the fishtank again) because it's tired of swimming.

ChatGPT has the following response to the query: 

Can you explain what the word "nyender" means in the Indonesian language and give an example of usage?

I'm sorry, but as an AI language model, I cannot find a definition or any reference to the word "nyender" in the Indonesian language. It is possible that this word is a regional or colloquial term, or perhaps a misspelling or a slang term. If you could provide more context or information about the word, I would be happy to try to help you further.

However, it's response to this query was quite different:

Can you explain what the word "bersandar" means in the Indonesian language and give an example of usage?

Yes, "bersandar" is a verb in Indonesian that means "to lean on" or "to rest against". It is often used to describe the physical action of supporting oneself or an object by leaning on something else.

Here's an example of usage in a sentence:

Saya lelah, jadi saya bersandar pada tembok sejenak. (I'm tired, so I leaned against the wall for a moment.)

Another example:

Dia bersandar pada kursi sambil membaca buku. (He leaned on the chair while reading a book.)

In both examples, the verb "bersandar" is used to describe the action of leaning on something for support or comfort.

WARAS

This is an important word meaning sane and is the lawan kata of gila meaning crazy. The kata benda that derives from it is kewarasan meaning sanity. In a broader sense it can mean healthy in mind and body as in this example:

Saya tidak masuk kerja karena badanku kurang WARAS.

I didn't go to work because my body was not HEALTHY.

In this example we see a common occurrence in Indonesian with the use of kurang meaning less to suggest something like I didn't go to work because my body was (feeling) less than healthy. This sort of euphemism is common in English as well when we say I'm less than happy with your performance and mean I'm not happy with your performance. 

KETIAK

This word means armpit but the word ketek is also used in Jakarta but ketiak is the more widespread term. This got me thinking about revising the words for body parts, starting with the head. Most of them I know but I'll list them all here for completeness.

• head - kepala
• forehead - dahi
• face - wajah
• eyes - mata
• eyelids - kelopak mata (kelopak means petals)
• eyelashes - bulu mata
• eyebrows - alis
• nose - hidung
• nostrils - lubang hidung
• mouth - mulut
• lips - bibir
• teeth - gigi
• tongue - lidah
• chin - dagu
• cheeks - pipi
• ears - telinga 
• ear lobes - daun telinga (daun means leaf)
• hair - rambut
• neck - leher

In the Body Parts graphic, we find the additional words:

• shoulder - bahu
• arm - lengan
• chest - dada
• stomach - perut
• hand - tangan
• fingers - jari tangan
• waist - pinggang
• hips - pinggul
• thigh - paha
• knee - lutut
• foot - kaki
• toes - jari kaki

I thought that I'd put ChatGPT to the test again and ask it the following (throwing in the Sanskrit because ... why not?):

Can you provide a list of names for various parts of the body in both English and Indonesian and Sanskrit?

Sure, here's a list of names for various parts of the body in English, Indonesian, and Sanskrit:

1. Head - Kepala - Shiras
2. Hair - Rambut - Kesh
3. Forehead - Dahi - Bhru
4. Eyebrow - Alis - Bhrukuti
5. Eye - Mata - Chakshu
6. Ear - Telinga - Karn
7. Nose - Hidung - Nasa
8. Mouth - Mulut - Mukha
9. Lips - Bibir - Oshta
10. Teeth - Gigi - Danta
11. Tongue - Lidah - Jihva
12. Throat - Tenggorokan - Kantha
13. Neck - Leher - Griva
14. Shoulder - Bahu - Skandha
15. Arm - Lengan - Bahu
16. Elbow - Siku - Koorpara
17. Wrist - Pergelangan tangan - Manibandha
18. Hand - Tangan - Hasta
19. Finger - Jari - Angushtha
20. Chest - Dada - Uras
21. Stomach - Perut - Udara
22. Back - Punggung - Pristha
23. Hip - Pinggul - Kati
24. Buttocks - Pantat - Uru
25. Leg - Kaki - Pada
26. Thigh - Paha - Janu
27. Knee - Lutut - Janu
28. Calf - Betis - Jangha
29. Foot - Kaki - Pada
30. Toe - Jari kaki - Angushtha.

Note: The Sanskrit terms listed are transliterated from the Devanagari script and may vary slightly depending on the system of transliteration used.

Actually the Sankrit words above prompted me to ask the following of ChatGPT: 

Can you provide a list of ten words that the Indonesian language has inherited from Sanskrit, listing the original Sankrit word and the (possibly) modified Indonesian form of the word?

Yes, here are ten words that the Indonesian language has inherited from Sanskrit, along with the original Sanskrit word and the modified Indonesian form:

1. Agama - Agama: refers to religion; in Indonesian it refers to a particular religion or belief system, and the term "agama Hindu" is used to refer to Hinduism.
2. Asana - Asana: refers to a yoga posture; in Indonesian, it refers to a physical exercise posture.
3. Guru - Guru: refers to a teacher or master; in Indonesian, it refers to a teacher or instructor.
4. Dewa - Deva: refers to a deity or god; in Indonesian, it refers to a divine being or spirit.
5. Ratna - Ratna: refers to a precious stone or gem; in Indonesian, it refers to a precious or valuable object.
6. Karya - Karya: refers to a work or creation; in Indonesian, it refers to a work of art or literature.
7. Sari - Sari: refers to essence or extract; in Indonesian, it refers to a type of fabric or a condensed liquid.
8. Mantra - Mantra: refers to a sacred utterance or chant; in Indonesian, it refers to a magical spell or incantation.
9. Marga - Marga: refers to a family or clan name; in Indonesian, it refers to a surname or family name.
10. Widyaiswara - Vidya-isvara: refers to a teacher or master of knowledge; in Indonesian, it refers to a teacher or trainer in a particular field of expertise.

Note: The Indonesian forms of these words may vary in spelling or pronunciation depending on their usage and context.

INDONESIAN: The 201-300 Most Frequently Used English Words Translated

The words were taken from this site. The 101 - 200 list of words can be found here.

High -  She threw the ball very high in the air --> Dia melempar bola dengan sangat tinggi ke udara

Every -  Every student is in the classroom --> Setiap siswa ada di kelas

Near -  My house is near my work --> Rumahku dekat dengan pekerjaanku

Add -  I will add that to my list --> Saya akan menambahkannya ke daftar saya

Food -  I'm hungry and need some food --> Saya lapar dan butuh makanan

Between -  My house is between two buildings --> Rumahku ada di antara dua bangunan

Own -  I own my car --> Saya memiliki mobil saya

Below -  My hand is below the table --> Tanganku di bawah meja

Country -  What country are you from? --> Dari negara mana kamu berasal?

Plant -  I have a green plant --> Saya memiliki tanaman hijau

Last -  That is the last time that I will do that --> Itulah saat terakhir saya akan melakukannya

School -  My school is near my house --> Sekolah saya ada di dekat rumah saya

Father -  My father works in an office --> Ayah saya bekerja di kantor

Keep -  I will keep those books --> Aku akan menyimpan buku-buku itu

Tree -  I have a big tree in my backyard --> Aku punya pohon besar di halaman belakang rumahku

Never -  I never go to the movies --> Saya tidak pernah pergi ke bioskop

Start -  I will start a new book --> Saya akan memulai sebuah buku baru

City -  He lives in a big city --> Dia tinggal di kota besar

Earth -  Earth is the third planet from the sun --> Bumi adalah planet ketiga dari matahari

Eye -  I have two eyes --> Aku punya dua mata

Light -  The light is very bright --> Cahaya sangat terang

Thought -  I thought we could go to the movies tonight --> Kupikir kita bisa pergi ke bioskop malam ini

Head -  He has a big head --> Dia memiliki kepala besar (translating in the literal sense)

Under -  We will walk under the bridge --> Kami akan berjalan di bawah jembatan

Story -  She told a long story --> Dia menceritakan sebuah cerita panjang lebar

Saw -  I saw my friend in the park --> Aku melihat temanku di taman

Left -  I left my notebook at school --> Aku meninggalkan buku catatanku di sekolah

Don't -  I don't like to eat fish --> Saya tidak suka makan ikan

Few -  Few people like to eat raw eggs --> Sedikit orang suka makan telur mentah

While -  We could call our friend while we wait --> Kita bisa memanggil teman kita sementara kita menunggu

Along -  We will walk along the road --> Kami akan berjalan di sepanjang jalan

Might -  We might go to the movies tonight --> Kita mungkin pergi ke bioskop malam ini

Close -  Please close the door before you go --> Silakan tutup pintu sebelum Anda pergi

Something -  She gave me something to read last night --> Dia memberiku sesuatu untuk dibaca tadi malam

Seem -  They seem to watch basketball every night --> Mereka sepertinya menonton basket setiap malam

Next -  The next time I'll pay for lunch --> Lain kali saya akan membayar makan siang

Hard -  My homework is very hard --> Pekerjaan rumah saya sangat sulit

Open -  She needs to open up the door --> Dia perlu membuka pintu

Example -  Her work is a good example of perfection --> Karyanya adalah contoh kesempurnaan yang baik

Begin -  I need to begin my homework --> Saya perlu memulai pekerjaan rumah saya

Life -  My life is great --> Hidupku sangat bagus

Always -  I will always be there for you --> Aku akan selalu ada untukmu

Those -  Those people are in my class --> Orang-orang itu ada di kelas saya

Both -  Both of us need to work on our homework --> Kami berdua perlu mengerjakan pekerjaan rumah kami

Paper -  We will write a nice letter on paper --> Kami akan menulis surat yang bagus di atas kertas

Together - We will build a sand castle together --> Kami akan membangun istana pasir bersama

Got - I got a present for my birthday --> Saya mendapat hadiah untuk ulang tahun saya

Group - There is a big group of people standing outside --> Ada sekelompok besar orang yang berdiri di luar

Often - How often do you read a book? --> Seberapa sering Anda membaca buku?

Run - I run around the track once a week --> Aku berlari mengelilingi lintasan seminggu sekali

Important - She has an important job --> Dia memiliki pekerjaan penting

Until - I can stay until 10:00 PM --> Aku bisa tinggal sampai jam 10 malam

Children - The children are happy --> Anak-anak senang

Side -  The right side of my face is red --> Sisi kanan wajahku merah

Feet - Most people have two feet --> Kebanyakan orang memiliki dua kaki

Car - My car is red --> Mobil saya berwarna merah

Mile - I ran a mile yesterday --> Aku berlari satu mil kemarin

Night - The night is dark --> Malam gelap

Walk - I walk around the block every day --> Aku berjalan mengelilingi blok setiap hari

White - I like the colour white -->  Saya suka warna putih

Sea - The sea is fun to fish in --> Laut itu asyik memancing

Began - I began a new book --> Saya memulai sebuah buku baru

Grow - She will grow a few more inches --> Dia akan tumbuh beberapa inci lagi

Took - I took my friend to the movies --> Aku membawa temanku ke bioskop

River - The river is long --> Sungainya panjang

Four - I have four friends waiting for me --> Aku punya empat teman menungguku

Carry - I need to carry my backpack --> Aku perlu membawa ranselku

State - California is a big state --> California adalah negara besar

Once - Once upon a time, there was a happy family --> Dahulu kala, ada keluarga yang bahagia (dahulu kala = a long time ago)

Book - I read a book in four hours --> Saya membaca sebuah buku dalam empat jam

Hear - I hear my friends singing all of the time --> Saya mendengar teman-teman saya bernyanyi sepanjang waktu

Stop - You must stop at a red light --> Anda harus berhenti di lampu merah

Without - I will go to the movies without her --> Saya akan pergi ke bioskop tanpa dia

Second - The second I hear something, I'll let you know --> Segera setelah saya mendengar sesuatu, saya akan memberi tahu Anda (here, "second" has been translated by "as soon as" or "immediately after").

Later - He will come later --> Dia akan datang nanti

Miss - I miss my girlfriend --> Aku rindu pacarku

Idea - I have a good idea about how I could do it --> Saya punya ide bagus tentang bagaimana saya bisa melakukannya

Enough - I've had enough of eating candy --> Aku sudah muak makan permen (here the translation means "I'm fed up with eating candy").

Eat - I will eat later this evening --> Saya akan makan nanti malam

Face - My face got red when I saw him --> Wajahku memerah saat melihatnya

Watch - I need to watch my little brother --> Saya perlu menjaga adik saya

Far - She will travel far for her job --> Dia akan melakukan perjalanan jauh untuk pekerjaannya

Indian - Indian is an old word --> Indian adalah kata lama

Real - He wears a real Rolex --> Dia memakai Rolex asli

Almost - He almost won the game --> Dia hampir memenangkan pertandingan

Let - He let the girl drive his car --> Dia membiarkan gadis itu mengendarai mobilnya

Above - My hand is above her hand --> Tanganku berada di atas tangannya

Girl - She is a nice girl --> Dia gadis yang baik

Sometimes - She sometimes shops downtown --> Dia terkadang berbelanja di pusat kota

Mountain - He climbed a tall mountain --> Dia mendaki gunung yang tinggi

Cut - He cut his hand with the knife --> Dia memotong tangannya dengan pisau

Young - He is a young boy --> Dia ada anak laki-laki yang muda

Talk - I talk with my friends once a week -->  Saya berbicara dengan teman-teman saya seminggu sekali

Soon - He will soon come to my house --> Dia akan segera datang ke rumahku

List - He made a long list for the store --> Dia membuat daftar panjang untuk toko itu

Song - She sang a beautiful song --> Dia menyanyikan lagu yang indah

Being - She is being silly --> dia konyol (here being is implicit in the translation)

Leave - I will leave at 1:00 PM today --> Saya akan berangkat jam 1 siang hari ini

Family - My family lives in Denver, Colorado --> Keluarga saya tinggal di Denver, Colorado

It's - It's great that they came to my party --> Senang sekali mereka datang ke pesta saya (here it's is implicit in the translation)